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Both of which, many of whom, and similar formal constructions.
Why you specifically
Cấu trúc “quantifier + relative” là cách diễn đạt trang trọng để nói về một phần trong một nhóm. Lượng từ (quantifier) cho biết số lượng hoặc mức độ, còn đại từ quan hệ nối phần đó với mệnh đề bổ sung: many of whom, two of which, none of whom, all of which, v.v. Dùng whom cho người và which cho vật. Cấu trúc này rất hay gặp trong văn viết học thuật và bài IELTS, đặc biệt là Task 2. Mẫu cơ bản là: danh từ + dấu phẩy + quantifier + of whom/of which + mệnh đề. Mệnh đề này là mệnh đề không xác định (non-defining), nên thường có dấu phẩy. Sau quantifier, bạn không thể chỉ dùng which hoặc whom một mình trong kiểu này; tiếng Anh cần có of: many of whom, one of which, both of whom, most of which. Trong tiếng Việt, cấu trúc này thường tương đương với “trong đó”, “mà trong số đó”, hoặc “có… trong đó…”. Người học Việt Nam dễ dịch từng từ nên hay bỏ mất of, hoặc dùng đại từ quan hệ như một từ riêng rẽ. Hãy nhớ đây là một cụm cố định và trang trọng: of whom / of which.
The rule
A quantifier + relative structure is a formal way to refer back to part of a group. The quantifier names how many or how much, and the relative pronoun connects that part to a non-defining clause: many of whom, two of which, none of whom, all of which, and similar forms. Use whom for people and which for things. This structure is common in writing, especially in IELTS Task 2 and academic-style sentences. Remember the pattern: noun + comma + quantifier + of whom/of which + clause. The clause gives extra information, so it is usually non-defining and separated by commas. You cannot normally use just which or whom without of after the quantifier. For example: many of whom, one of which, both of whom, most of which. In Vietnamese, this often corresponds to expressions like “trong đó,” “mà trong số đó,” or “có… trong đó…”. Learners may try to translate word by word and omit of, or use them as separate pronouns. English needs the fixed phrase of whom / of which in this formal pattern.
It working
I met four doctors, three of whom were specialists.
Tôi đã gặp bốn bác sĩ, trong đó ba người là bác sĩ chuyên khoa.
of whom refers back to people in the group.
We examined six samples, none of which was contaminated.
Chúng tôi đã kiểm tra sáu mẫu, không mẫu nào trong số đó bị nhiễm bẩn.
of which refers back to things in the group.
The trap
The company hired ten engineers, many of them had years of experience.
The company hired ten engineers, many of whom had years of experience.
Use a quantifier plus a relative pronoun to refer back to people in a formal way. The relative clause gives extra information about the noun before it.
I bought three books, one which was a first edition.
I bought three books, one of which was a first edition.
After a quantifier, use of which / of whom in a non-defining relative clause. The phrase refers back to one item from the group.
She gave me two reasons, neither which was convincing.
She gave me two reasons, neither of which was convincing.
Words like both, all, many, most, neither, none, some can be followed by of which / of whom when they refer back to a noun.
We discussed five proposals, the most important which concerned cost.
We discussed five proposals, the most important of which concerned cost.
A quantifier can combine with a relative clause to identify one part of a larger group. The whole structure is formal and precise.
Prove it
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